While there's no rule against having fuses for your overcurrent protection, I think you'd be torpedoed by a few other 'details.'
First off, I'm not sure there's room in a fuse box for a ground buss- or a place to terminate a ground wire from the feeder.
GFCI and, especially, AFCI protection might be a bit difficult to add.
I note the NEC has also banned screw-in fuses for 240v or multi-wire circuits.
Finally, I'm not sure I've even seen any fused panels that were even NEMA-3R rated- not even the ones mounted outdoors.
