Are there any prohibitions to putting a 240V electric range receptacle with a switch behind the range to lock out front-control ranges from young children?

No problem - just a tad bit un-conventional

How would you access the switch if it is behind the range?

How about a definite purpose contactor next to the panel in the basement with a 24volt coil...hide the switch in the cabinet above the stove

shortcircuit

One could use shortcircuits idea, and add an access control key pad.

"honey, I would have made diner, but I cant remember the code to un-lock the stove..."

Ooh, I know- binary switch code! Wire up 8 3-way switches hidden in a cabinet such that you must hit the proper combination for the circuit to work

Have seen this more than once in nursing or limited care facilities for ranges or cooktops in accessible areas. Best one was a Square D molded case switch (60A) which comes in an enclosure that is padlockable.

Jes is right.

Nursing home we did two years ago had a definite purpose contactor in the attic. 120v control was switched with a wall mounted key switch in the kitchen area.