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Article 310 Section 310.15 (B)(3) talkes about adjustment factors for more than 3 current carrying conductors in a raceway or cable.
The question that was given to me is that if you have 6 two wire circuits each with it's own neutral in the same conduit, can he use 310.15(B)(5)(a) and not count the neutrals. I said "No" because crudely put (a) is really talking about a Delta system and (b) and (c) are talking about a Wye system. Plus for his example none of the circuits shared the same neutral wire as it would if they were multi-wire circuits.

The code references are from the '11 NEC but it's worded the same in the '08 NEC, they just moved it around.

(6) two wire circuits? So, 12 conductors + 6 neutrals?

In that situation it doesn't matter whether you're counting the neutrals or not since table 310.15(B)(3)(a) gives an adjustment factor or 50% for 10-20 conductors and either way (12 or 18 conductors) the factor is 50%.

Unless I'm misunderstanding your question.
George, there are several ways to explain it but I agree with the answer.
George:

6 x 2 wire = 12 conductors. 6 current carrying; 80% derated. Without adjustments for ambient temperature, if required.

Why aren't the neutrals current carrying? Dr Kirchoff tells us all of the current going out, has to come back and I2R losses are the same going both ways. The only time you don't have to count neutrals is if they only carry the unbalanced current in a MWBC.
Posted By: sparky Re: Counting the Neutral as current carrying - 07/21/11 12:59 PM
i never could figure how we 'balance' a multitude of non-simultaneous loads, or what this unbalanced current could be calculated at....?

~S~
Posted By: Scott35 Re: Counting the Neutral as current carrying - 07/21/11 02:51 PM
Quote


The question that was given to me is that if you have 6 two wire circuits each with it's own neutral in the same conduit, can he use 310.15(B)(5)(a) and not count the neutrals.



In this case, there are no "Neutrals" - only Grounded Conductors and Ungrounded Conductors.

George's scenario states "6 Two-Wire Circuits", which results in 12 Current Carrying Conductors.

Derating Factor will be 50%.

Installing (12) #10 THHN CU. Conductors with 20 Amp OCPDs will comply.

BTW, these Two-Wire Circuits could be any of the following flavors;

  • One Ungrounded Conductor + One Grounded Conductor,
    or;
  • Two Ungrounded Conductors.


In either case, there will be Two Current Carrying Conductors per Circuit.

The time a Grounded Conductor may be determined as a Common "Neutral" is when it is part of a Multiwire Branch Circuit.

For the Common Grounded "Neutral" Conductor of a Multiwire Branch Circuit to become a "Balanced Load Carrying Conductor", the System needs to be derived from a Single Phase 3 Wire Transformer - either via the Center Transformer of a 4 Wire Delta System, or from a "Stand-Alone" 1 Phase 3 Wire Transformer.

The "Center-Tapped" Secondary Winding will have only the Imbalanced Load flowing, when Two L-N Connections are made across the entire length of the Coil.

Simply stated, using L-N-L (AKA: 1 Phase 3 Wire Multiwire Circuit) with a 10 Amp Load between the "A" Line Output and the Center Tap, and a 15 Amp Load between the "B" Line Output and the Center Tap, the Center Tap Load will be the imbalanced Load value - which is 5 Amps.

This occurs due to the "Common Load" flow running across the entire length of the Secondary Coil - as if the connection was a 10 Amp, 240V Load; and the imbalanced "Half-Winding Section Load" flow being circulated between the Center Tap and one half of the entire Secondary Coil is 5.0 Amps.

In this case, we will say the Right-Hand side of the Secondary Winding's end will be Line "B", so the Winding Section between the Center Tap and Terminal "B" will have 5.0 Amps circulating, and the entire Winding will have 10 Amps circulating.

Let's say the Primary of this Transformer is 480V; the Primary Load will be 6.25 Amps - or 3.0 KVA

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With a Wye System, the Common Grounded Conductor will only "Balance" under certain conditions - mainly when the connected Loads are equal and at Unity Power Factor.
Three equally sized, equally loaded 1 Phase Motors across a 3 Phase 4 Wire Wye Multiwire Circuit will result in a low Percentage of L-N Load Current flowing.

Other than these Load types, the Common Star Point Derived Grounded Conductor of a Wye System will draw close to the same Load Amps as the Highest L-N Load value.

With Reflective Loads (Multiple Harmonic Frequency Load Currents Reflected back into the Power System), the Common Grounded Conductor will carry the highest L-N Load Amperes (Fundamental Amperes), along with 3 times the Percentage of Reflected Harmonic Amperes.

Example:
THD = 10%.

  1. Load's Fundamental Amperes = 10.0 Amps,
  2. Load's Harmonic Reflected Amperes = 1.0 Amps,
  3. Total Load Amperes = 11.0 Amps.
  4. (3) of these Loads connected L-N (Phase A-N, Phase B-N, Phase C-N),
  5. Load on "N" = 10.0 Amps Fundamental, plus 3 times the Harmonic Reflections (1.0 Amps x 3),
  6. Total Load on "N" = 13.0 Amps.


Using a 1 Phase 3 Wire Multiwire Circuit from the 4 Wire Wye creates an "Open Wye" Polyphase System, so once again the Common Grounded Conductor will be a Current Carrying Conductor - functioning similar to a 3 phase 3 Wire Branch Circuit.

-----------------------------------------------------------

Lastly, not all Grounded Conductors are the same as a "Neutral", and vice-verse...

The Grounded Conductor of a 3 Phase 3 Wire Corner Grounded Delta is not a "Balanced Neutral" at all.
This Grounded Conductor is one of the three system phases. The only difference is it is intentionally ground bonded. Otherwise it functions exactly the same as any of the remaining Two Ungrounded Conductors on the System.

Will stop here and wait for feedback.

-- Scott
Let's look at this issue by taking a few examples, and see how the results are affected.

In one example, you have a perfectly balanced multi-wire circuit. Three wires, two of them 'hot.' The third- the neutral- doesn't carry any current. So, from this one circumstance, we get the assertion that 'neutrals are not current carrying conductors.' OK, I'll buy that- for this example ONLY.

In a similar arrangement, the two circuits are not perfectly balanced. Therefore, the neutral does carry SOME current. I don't see how you can claim it's not a current carrying conductor; you have to count all three wires.

Now, let's forget the MWBC, and run two hots with two neutrals. Each neutral is now carrying exactly as much current as the hot wire- so of course they're current carrying conductors.

If you 'share' neutrals, you're reducing the total number of wires, and that alone will improve the derating situation. To eliminate the neutrals from consideration completely is not only technically wrong - because the neutrals ARE carrying current - but you're repeating the 'discount' you got by combining neutrals in the first place.
Pardon me for being confused. George said two wire, Tesla came up with 18 conductors, I only can 'see' 12.

To me, a 2 wire is a hot & a neutral; ie: black & white. What did I miss?? (Besides a George Question)



2 wire is also 2 current carrying conductors, no matter how you do it. If you duplicate that 6 times you have 12 current carrying conductors. Tesla was pointing out, the only way the grounded conductor is not considered current carrying is if it is only handling the unbalanced current of a unity PF multiwire circuit.
It still carries current but only the current that is not flowing in one of the ungrounded legs thus it nulls the overall I2R heating.
Originally Posted by HotLine1
Pardon me for being confused. George said two wire, Tesla came up with 18 conductors, I only can 'see' 12.

To me, a 2 wire is a hot & a neutral; ie: black & white. What did I miss?? (Besides a George Question)


It must be the engineer in me, but when I read two wire circuit EACH with its own neutral I see that as 3 wires and 6 of those make 18.

In either case, it's still 50%.

In a 2 wire circuit where one of those wires is a dedicated neutral will always need both wires counted as current carrying, so the outcome is the same regardless.
Thanks Vin, guess I was out in the sun to long the last couple of days.

50% it is.
Posted By: sparky Re: Counting the Neutral as current carrying - 07/23/11 01:50 PM
Quote
Will stop here and wait for feedback.

-- Scott


an apt explaination of a slippery subject even the CMP's struggle to define Scott

methinks i should forward an rop to change it to noodle, t'would be far more appropos....

~S~
Posted By: Scott35 Re: Counting the Neutral as current carrying - 07/24/11 11:53 PM
Quote


methinks i should forward an rop to change it to noodle, t'would be far more appropos....



"Noodle" would be a good definition, as it describes something specifically different per the "Build" of the item, rather than the Operation.

The "Build" in this case would be an active System Conductor, which is intentionally Grounded.

----------------------------------------------------

Per the OP, if the (6) Two-Wire Circuits, each with their own "Neutral" was intended to mean (6) 1 Phase 3 Wire Multiwire Circuits:
12 Ungrounded Conductors, 6 Grounded Common Conductors - total of 18 Conductors;
then the CCC's (Current Carrying Conductors) would be one of the following:

  1. If the Multiwire Circuits are derived from a 1 Phase 3 Wire Transformer, then total CCC's would be 12,
  2. If the Multiwire Circuits are derived from a 3 Phase 4 Wire Wye, then total CCC's would be 18.


For example "A", there will be 18 Conductors total, but only 12 will carry the FULL LOAD AMPERES.
This example describes a "Balancing Neutral" - possibly a High-Wire Circus Act??? laugh rolleyes dunno

For example "B", there will be 18 Conductors, and all 18 will carry FULL LOAD AMPERES, per the connected Loads.
If Loads are Non-Linear and "Noisy", the Common Star Point Grounded Conductor will carry the highest Load Amperes, along with 2x the distorted Load Amperes.
Example "B" has no "Balancing Neutral High-Wire Circus Act"

-- Scott
Scott- Thanks for your very detailed explanation of the problem. The OP was meant to convey that the circuits were not multi-wire. The contractor was somehow confused into thinking that he didn't need to count the neutrals as CCC's. I tried to explain it to him but to no avail. To add to what you were saying, The Delta system is the only system that you can run a Multi-wire circuit consisting of two phase wires on opposite phases and a common conductor and not have count the common (neutral) conductor as a CCC. If you have a Wye and you have a multi-wire circuit consisting of two phase wires and a common conductor you can't get away with that because of the phase relationship is not 180 degrees apart. Now if you have all three phase wires sharing a common neutral and it's not a linear load you still have to count the neutral as a CCC.

Boils down to the phase relationship.

Interestingly, if it's a Delta feeder or Service you might be able to not count the common conductor as a CCC but be aware you still count it for raceway fill.

Just another George question that went ballistic :))

Back to you Scott
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